The author, maxfiner, graduated from Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology with a master's degree in signal and information processing. Maxfiner has worked in the wireless communication department of Huawei Communication Technology Co., Ltd., and has many years of experience in engineering project development. It also has algorithm theory research, simulation verification, and corresponding hardware design implementation capabilities. It has practical experience in all aspects of communication physical layer development and design. .
Another important application related is to estimate the delay of the signal. This delay can be the delay on the analog circuit channel, such as measuring the delay of the transmitter RF link. It can also be a delay in wireless space transmission, such as radiation source location in the field of radio monitoring, delay estimation of satellite navigation signals, and so on. This section is devoted to the estimation and application of delays on analog channels. Before introducing specific applications, briefly introduce some background knowledge of mobile communication base station transmitters. There are two purposes for introducing this background knowledge: first, to make a systematic preparation for the relevant delay estimation. Second, the ribbon shows the purpose and power of digital signal processing.
Generally speaking, the physical layer of the mobile communication base station transmitting link can be divided into three parts: a digital baseband, a digital intermediate frequency, and an analog radio frequency. With the widespread application of the zero-IF transmitter architecture, the traditional IF does not exist. The quadrature modulator can modulate the baseband signal to a specified RF frequency at a time. However, after the baseband signal of the transmitter is formed, it usually needs to be processed in the digital domain before outputting to the DA converter. These operations include upsampling, clipping (CFR), digital predistortion (DPD), and quadrature modulation compensation. Power control and more.
What are these measures used for? Fundamentally, these measures are designed to overcome the irrational nature of RF analog channels. In practice, these tasks are indispensable, and they directly affect the transmitter's key indicators such as the quality of the transmitted signal, the power of the transmitter, and the power consumption of the transmitter. In theory, these tasks can also be done, but the fierce competition among communication equipment vendors has forced them to do so, and the measures and means adopted in these fields have become the embodiment of the core competitiveness of communication equipment vendors. Effectively suppress each other and show off their powerful weapons.
A brief description is as follows:
The first example: as the peak-to-average ratio of multi-carrier signals and OFDM signals is usually larger, this leads to a larger power amplifier's retreat, and the power amplifier efficiency will be much lower, which is quite uneconomical, so in order to better play Power amplifier advantages require clipping to reduce the peak-to-average ratio.
The second example: a large part of the power consumption of the communication base station is caused by the power amplifier. The efficiency of the power amplifier directly affects the power consumption cost of the mobile operator. Everyone wants the power consumed by the amplifier to be converted into electromagnetic waves as much as possible, instead of becoming pure heat. In order to improve the efficiency of the power amplifier, the digital pre-distortion processing (DPD) is generally required to ensure that the signal does not undergo large distortion when a certain degree of saturation occurs.
The third example: the quadrature modulator on the transmit link has a certain degree of gain imbalance and phase imbalance, DC offset, etc. for the input IQ two-way signal, which will result in the output signal after quadrature modulation. There is a local oscillator leakage and image signal generation. This is a problem that analog devices are difficult to completely avoid. In order to overcome these undesirable characteristics, it is generally required to perform quadrature modulation compensation processing. This is often referred to as IQ imbalance correction.
The fourth example: the transmission power of the mobile communication base station transmitter changes with temperature and frequency fluctuations. The power variation due to temperature and the like can reach several dB, which directly leads to a change in the coverage size of the base station. Therefore, the monitoring, statistics and adjustment of the transmission power must be performed in real time.
The above mentioned, whether it is clipping, digital pre-distortion, IQ correction of analog channels, this is a good place for digital signal processing in application practice. It can be seen that analog devices are difficult to achieve the level of precision we expect. However, we can use digital signal processing methods to compensate for these errors, not ideal characteristics, and compensate, compensate or offset them. It is also a charm of digital signal processing.
The digital predistortion DPD and IQ corrections are usually done using a feedback mechanism. In the specific implementation, a small part of the transmitted signal is obtained through the coupler at the output end of the power amplifier (usually several db smaller than the transmitted signal), amplified by a feedback channel, mixed and AD sampled, and returned to the digital domain ( For example, FPGA), this feedback signal contains the distortion information of the transmitting link (strictly speaking, it also contains the distortion information of the feedback link, but it is generally considered that the distortion of the feedback link is negligible relative to the distortion of the transmitting link) . Based on the preset distortion model of the analog device, the DPD or IQ correction parameters are solved based on the feedback signal and the transmission signal, thereby completing the DPD or QMC correction processing. The purpose of these corrections is to effectively address the undesirable characteristics of analog devices such as power amplifiers or quadrature modulators.
The following figure depicts the entire transmit-feedback mechanism, where the green dashed line indicates the transmit channel and the red dashed line indicates the feedback channel. Whether it is for the DPD of the power amplifier or the QMC for the quadrature modulator, the premise of the correction is that the correction parameters must be obtained. The estimation of these correction parameters is based on the transmitted signal and the feedback signal, because the transmitted signal can be regarded as ideal. The source signal, while the feedback signal contains distortion information of the transmit link.
It can also be said that we consider a transmission signal as a reference signal, and the feedback signal collected through the feedback channel is regarded as a distortion signal. We pre-construct a distortion model for a non-ideal analog device, from which the distortion parameters can be estimated. The information input to this model is used to make the reference signal and collect the feedback signal.
So, we collect a segment of the transmitted signal and the feedback signal at the same time. What is the difference between them? Can the distortion component be seen from the waveform of the feedback signal? In fact, whether it is the distortion of the power amplifier or the distortion of the quadrature modulator, it is reflected in the time domain waveform, which is very subtle and not easy to distinguish, but can be clearly reflected in the frequency domain. In addition to some subtle distortion of the feedback signal waveform, there is a delay in the feedback signal waveform relative to the transmitted signal acquired during the same period. This delay is caused by the transmit link and the feedback link. From the perspective of the signal flow, we can understand that we are collecting the transmitted signal from the in-situ flow, and the feedback signal is that the transmitted signal flows around a large circle.
This delay difference has a significant impact on our correction, because the input of the distortion model requires a one-to-one correspondence between the reference (transmit) signal and the distortion (feedback) signal, or, in time samples, one-to-one correspondence. Or, the requirement is two signals in the same time period, which is the premise of the model to estimate the distortion parameters. The delay error between the reference signal and the distorted signal has a great influence on the correct estimation of the model parameters. For digital signals in the digital domain, the basic unit of error is an integer, which is determined by the period of the sampling clock. Usually, the error is required to be within one sampling clock period.
The delay difference between the transmitted signal and the feedback signal can be estimated by correlation processing. At the same time, a length of the transmitted signal and the feedback signal are collected, and the correlation calculation is performed. Through the peak of the correlation function, the delay of the feedback signal relative to the transmitted signal can be estimated.
As can be seen from the above description, the delay of the signal in the transmission channel can be estimated by the correlation calculation, which is a premise for performing digital pre-distortion, IQ imbalance correction and the like.
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